A quasi-experimental design was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of cooperative learning intervention. An experimental group and two control groups participated in the study. The cooperative learning fluency instruction was used in the experimental group while the traditional fluency instruction was use in the control groups. The author analyzed the data by using a one way analysis of covariance to test the differences between the experimental and control groups on post-test scores. The analysis of the data indicated that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups on means of reading fluency (F (2, 65) = 28.884, p = 000, partial η2 = .47). The findings revealed that the cooperative learning fluency intervention had positive effects on reading fluency for students in the experimental group. The implication can be drawn from these findings that cooperative learning can be effectively used in Turkish elementary classrooms to improve students’ reading fluency and overall reading proficiency.

The purpose of this study to evaulate the beginning reading and writing software. In the study, documant review which is one of the qualitative research techniques was used. Nine beginning reading-writing softwares randomly selected from the education software CD’s used in teaching of reading-writing in primary education of first grade students constituted the study group of the research. In analysis of the data, beginning readingwriting softwares were analysed through content analysed. The assessment instrument is formed of three parts including the use of software, the stages of teaching reading-writing and technical properties. As a consequence, it was observed that the softwares are not sufficient in terms of technical properties when the beginning reading writing educational softwares are examined. The activities to ensure the student participation were included in C, G and H softwares but the number of activities can be increased. The elements to boost the learner’s motivation are much more needed. Reading practices were more included in the softwares than writing practices. Reading-writing stages were followed in C, G and H softwares. Student participation can be encouraged and feedback, photographs, active songs and animation to boost the student’s motivation can be employed. The softwares where students can record what s/he has done, in which s/he can continue from where s/he left and where s/he can take the printouts of what s/he has done can be developed.

Spiritualism is one word which puts man on the highest plinth of life. Spirituality is the way we find meaning, hope, comfort and inner peace in life. Spirituality in the virtual World is generally known as Virtual Spirituality. A goldmine of wisdom from all kinds of religious and spiritual philosophies, traditions and practices can be found in virtual World now. Technology and Spirituality together forms the material to which man can incline on to and work for the development of a globe in which war will be considered a taboo and violence a rejected dogma. Therefore there is an urgent nee to made the world a safe place to live in and the spiritual reconstruction can help us in achieving this.

The purpose of this research is to determine the reading attitudes of high school ninth and twelfth grade students based on some variables. The researcher used ‘general survey method’ in the study. Totally 426 students from six public high schools, chosen according to random sampling method participated in the research. In order to answer the research questions in the study, “the Attitude Scale Towards Reading” was used. In accordance with the purpose of the study, percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, ANOVA and Tukey-HSD tests were employed in the study. For the statistical analyses SPSS 17.0 was used. According to findings of the study, it was seen that high school students had moderate level of reading attitudes. It was also understood in the study that high school students’ reading attitudes differed significantly according to gender, grade level, school type, father’s and mother’s educational level and the financial income of the family variables.

The present study was a descriptive survey carried out at the ZOU to establish the students` views on the effectiveness of weekend school tutorials. The study adopted the descriptive survey design which is essentially appropriate on areas where human perceptions are required. Due to its ability to solicit information deeply buried in the minds and attitudes of people, and its ability to reveal the true present state of affairs in a given set up, the design was seen to be the most appropriate one. Three instruments used in data collection were the questionnaire, interview schedule and documentary evidence to enable triangulation in order to enhance validity and reliability of data. A total of 982 students from all the four faculties of the Zimbabwe Open University, Mashonaland West Region made up the population. Out of this population, 393 made it into the sample as follows: 126(32%) from the faculty of Arts and Education, 98(25%) from Applied Social Sciences, 63(16%) from Science and Technology and 106(27%) from the Faculty of Commerce and Law. Results show that generally resources were made available for the weekend school tutorials. However, transport from regional centre to venue was a problem. Most students benefitted from tutorials through sharing ideas. However, documentary evidence shows that only a few students attended tutorials due distance to the tutorial centre which was considered a challenge. Inadequate tutor preparation also paved way to non attendance. Inadequate tutorial hours per semester per course was another of the several problems raised by the students. The study recommended that ZOU should increase in the number of weekend school tutorial hours per semester to a minimum of ten tutorial hours per course per semester. Because modules are an important type of educational media in distance education, ZOU should ensure that all course modules are available for all the courses. Programme Coordinators need to thoroughly supervise tutors thoroughly.

This present study sought to establish the reasons as to why teachers studying through the Zimbabwe Open University were in droves, forwarding applications for transfer to go and teach in peri or urban schools in the guise of distance education. The study sought to establish which aspects of the ZOU ODL mode gave rise to rural-urban teacher migration, what the perceived gains of urban residence by the migrating teachers were, what present and existing characteristics at the present school/station inhibited successful continuous development through open and distance learning and how best the problem of teacher migration due to wanting to study through open and distance learning could be solved. Since the current study was all about teachers` perceptions, the major research design adopted was the cross sectional survey which entailed obtaining data at a single point in time and using just one questionnaire and an in-depth/ethnographic interview schedule as data collection instruments. The population for the current study consisted of all the 255 primary and secondary school male and female teachers who had applied for transfer into or near Chegutu urban secondary or primary schools, indicating the need to pursue further studies with the Zimbabwe Open University as their major reason for lodging the transfer. They were on the Chegutu District Education Office 2006-2010 teacher transfer list. Out of the population of 255, 128, (50.2%) were sampled through the simple random sampling method. Results show that the unavailability of e-resources, library services internet and email services in the locality of most rural schools paved way for dissatisfaction among the majority of teachers. A number of situational factors at the teachers` current schools were not conducive to study through distance education. The physical location of the respondents` schools had much bearing also on the desire to relocate. The majority of the schools were not easily accessible by road, the places were difficult to move in particularly for motor vehicles and floods sometimes marooned the teachers from the rest of the world. Some schools were secluded making it very difficult for the students to form study groups. Poor ODL organization and management practices also contributed heavily to teacher professional migration. Dates for tutorial were mostly inappropriate for the rural based teachers who were without transport or were officially engaged in their rural schools over the weekends. Poor postal services and in the rural set up as well as working full days were another source of contention giving the rural teacher the impetus to migrate. In view of these findings it was recommended that synergies be formed between the Ministry of Education and the Zimbabwe Open University in the interest of maintaining quality in schools and preserving the diminishing numbers of students at the Zimbabwe Open University.

Learning Disability (L.D) may be a neurobehavioral disorder that causes defects in speaking, writing, listening, thinking, reading, spelling, or mathematical calculation. Handwriting is an important skill, related to school performance and the child's self-esteem. The present study explores the effectiveness of the Purposive Drawing Program (PDP) to treatment dysgraphia disorder. The population of this research includes 493 girl students in first grad of primary schools with dysgraphic disorder. A sample comprised of 40 subjects that were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups, 20 subjects in each one. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R), the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder test (CD) and a research made spelling test were research instruments. Results of t-test and Analysis of Covariance showed that that change in the dysgraphic disorder for the experimental group is significantly more than the control group and the PDP reduced disorders of writing and spell Deficits. Thus, the PDP is effective in dysgraphia disorder treatment.

The study sought to examine the Zimbabwe Open University’s (ZOU) Bachelor of Educational Management Students’ attitudes on the use of ICT in their studies. Qualitative research paradigm anchored the study because of its usefulness of facilitating data gathering from human subjects. It was a case study of five regional centers of the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). This case study called for a high level of commitment with research participants whose experiences researchers were trying to investigate. The study could bring to the fore the new knowledge about ODL students’ attitudes towards the use of ICT in their studies so that ODL policy makers could take the necessary courses of action to correct situations that let down the quality of education their universities offer. In terms of theory, this study was guided by the critical theory. In their open responses, participants indicated the following issues as themes that portray positive attitudes of the ZOU’s Bachelor of student on the use of ICT in their studies.

Today many claim that e-learning can result in considerable time and cost-savings , such as traveling , work time and etc . This study was conducted to investigate these questions : should e-learning be used to reduce travel related stress? should e-learning be offered fully online to reach students living in remote areas? should e-learning be adopted to allow working students to study from home? Pressure to use e-learning was developed as a factor to answer above questions . Data was collected through a survey of 400 post graduate students at Tehran University . The results showed that many Iranian post gratitude students agreed on above statements . In addition , linear regression analyses revealed a statistically – significant model for pressure to use e-learning as the best predictor of level of student’s intention to adopt e-learning (F =37.737 , df=1 , R square = .187).

This current study is with the specific objective of assessing the influence of Universal Basic Education (UBE) Facilities on pupil enrolment, teacher population and their classroom ratio in the teaching and learning process in Ogun State public primary schools of Nigeria. This was achieved by comparing schools with the UBE facilities and those without these facilities. To carry out this study, data on pupil and teacher population were gathered using a self-designed School Records Collection Sheets (SRCS) from thirty-two (32) public primary schools selected for study. Eight (8) schools (four (4) with UBE facilities and four (4) without the facilities) each were picked from the four (4) administrative areas of the state (these are Ijebu, Egba, Yewa and Remo) using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Findings of the study indicate that there were significant positive influence of UBE facilities on pupil enrolment but an insignificant levels of influence of UBE facilities on teacher population and teacher - pupil ratio. Recommendations were therefore provided on the findings of this study.

Present research aims to determine the amount of occupational stress and to identify organizational factors creating occupational stress among high school Principals in Zahedan. Research used was a descriptivesurveying method. Statistical population of research involved all high school principals of Zahedan city. The sample contained 150 principals (78 female, 72 male) who had been selected by stratified-random sampling. Data-collecting tool consisted of :Wiliam Dyer's” questionnaire of occupational stress and researcher made questionnaire of effective organizational factors in creating stress with 29 questions on “Lickert’s” five-optional scale. For testing the questions and hypotheses of the research, single-sample T-test, independent t-test and Ftest were used. Attained results showed that the high school principals were under occupational stress, and that all four organizational factors, namely occupational necessities1, physical necessities, role necessities and interactive necessities were effective in creation of occupational stress in high school principals of Zahedan city. The results also showed that excepting the sort of institution, there were identical insights among principals, based on gender, years of service and their course of study, into the effect of studied factors.

CEO, who is in the top-level administrator position of an organization, has the greatest responsibility in the organization's success or failure. Likewise, it is a common belief that the school's success or failure depends on the effectiveness of the school principal. Ceocracy was a kind of democratic administration form in the ancient Greek city states. In this type of administration all the citizens of the ancient Greek city states could participate directly and actively in governance. This administration form was applied successfully in the city states and application of democratic principles in life satisfied the citizens. The success of the school administrators in a sense depends on the implementation of democratic principles in management. The purpose of this study is to give a general framework about ceocracy as a management approach that is based on people’s actively participation in the decision making process, and to discuss on how to use ceocracy in educational organizations. In the light of the reviewed literature, it is clear that ceocracy can be used in the management of educational organizations.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the frequency and different types of hedging devices in Discussion sections of Research Articles (RAs) in the area of Psychology. To this end, 20 RAs in English were selected form the leading journal, 10 by native English speaker researchers and 10 by Iranian researchers. After categorizing hedging devices based on Salager-Meyer’s (1994) taxonomy, chi-square procedure utilized and it was found that there was no significant difference between native and non-native writers in terms of utilizing hedging devices in their Discussion sections.

This study was conducted to identify the factors inspiring team cooperation among universities in pursuit of teaching quality improvement. Data were collected from 146 faculty members belonging to 18 universities in Taiwan, who participated in inter-instituted cooperative projects for teaching quality improvement. The research findings revealed that both trust and commitment among the faculties created significant effects on the team cohesion in faculty collaboration communities. The trust factor was also a very significant moderating factor to faculty team cohesion, whereas, the commitment factor was approved not to act the role as moderating factor. Critically, this study concluded that the dark side of relationships created different effect on the team cohesion of faculty members’ collaboration from other sample communities because that university faculty members, as social elites, usually possess well-educated backgrounds and socio-economic status. This study suggested future studies to further address the inner structural mechanism of cooperation factor mechanism through qualitative research methodologies and various research scenarios.